Economical Diseases Veterinary Diseases Viral Diseases

Rinderpest: A disease of cattle & buffalo Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and treatment

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Introduction Rinderpest

Rinderpest (also cattle plague or steppe murrain) was an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and some other species of even-toed ungulates, including buffaloes, large antelope and deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthogs.It is characterized by the fever, oral lesion, persistent diarrhea, lymphoid leuckosis and high mortality rate.It is also called pest of bovine. Indica called as “MATTA”.

Rinderpest Etiology:

Causative agent of Rinderpest belongs to family Paramyxovaridae, genus ” Morbilli” virus. It is irradiated from PAKISTAN but some cases are present due to trade issues.

Why it is easy to eradicate?

Rinderpest is easy to eradicate because virus has one serotype.
Recovered or vaccinated animals remain immune throughout the life.
no vertical transmission is reported
no arthropod is involved (no vector)
no carrier stage exist.

Epidemiology:

Disease mainly effect bovines but rarely in pigs.
Outbreak mostly observed in middle east , Asia and tropical Africa.
It is highly contagious disease.
Mortality rate up to 100%
transmission occurs directly or indirectly.

Sample of specimen:

Virus is present in Saliva, ocular discharge,nasal discharge, feces, blood and urine.

Pathogenesis:
After inhalation or ingestion of virus , it goes to the sub-mandibular & pharyngeal lymph nodes, where it start to multiply, after multiplication the virus enters into blood and develop viremia within 3 days of infection from where the virus moves to mucosa of GIT and respiratory tract & lead to leukopenia that may lead to severe immunosuppresion. viruses shedding is continuous during acute phase and sub divide when body temperature returns to normal.

Clinical Findings:

The incubation period of Rinderpest(Mobilli virus) is 3 to 9 days.
disease occurs in four forms Per acute, Acute, sub acute and atypical form.

Per acute:

This form is not commonly seen , its only observed experimentally administration of virus. Animal show high rise of body temperature 105-107 F . Congested mucous membrane, severe respiratory distress and death of animal within 1 to 3 days.

Acute form:

Effected animal shows high rise of body temperature 105 to 107F. but initially without oral lesions this phase is called prodromal phase.But when temperature increases animal become anorectic lead to milk production drop, lacrimation more profuse then become purullent is often associated with the Blaphrospasm the spasm of eyelids. Nasal discharge become purullent after that inflammation of oral cavity , vagina and vulva occur.

Grey colour raised and discrete lesions of 1-5 mm are developed on lips ,gums , inside masseter muscle and underneath tongue later on these lesion become generalized. Similar lesions are also observed in nasal cavity , vulva and vagina.

Skin lesions are not common.

Sub acute:

Effected animal shows temperature 103-105 F. but the course of disease is 2-3 weeks. Persistent diarrhea, loss of appetite, weakness, nacrotic lesions appears, but heal during course of disease.

Atypical form:

Effected animal do not show typical lesions and symptoms but effected animal becomes depress, anorectic some animal die but recovery occurs in large number of cases.

Post-mortem Lesions:

Open dead body observe necrotic erosions and hemorrhages in mouth Git and URT.
Hemorrhages seen in transverse fashion colon that gives appearance of Zebra so it is ZEBRA STRIPPING.
enlarged and adematous lymph nodes.
Gall bladder is hemorrhagic and white foci observed in pair patches.

Diagnosis of Rinderpest:

on the basis of history.Contagious viral disease increases in form if today 20 cases then tomorrow 30 cases occurs.
vaccination and deworming done in healthy animals.
on the basis of clinical signs Oral lesions persistent diarrhea.
chronic nature of diarrhea & constipation lead to Rinderpest.